Record breaking gravitational waves confirm Hawking theory and reveal giant black hole merger

Record breaking gravitational waves confirm Hawking theory and reveal giant black hole merger
by Robert Schreiber
Berlin, Germany (SPX) Sep 22, 2025

For millions of years, two massive black holes circled each other until, in a split second, they merged at near light speed. The collision unleashed gravitational waves so strong and clear that researchers now have their most detailed look yet at spacetime's most violent events.

"These are waves in spacetime itself-like ripples in water-that travel at the speed of light," explained Jose Maria Ezquiaga of the Niels Bohr Institute, who leads its LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA group. The detection, named GW250114, revealed two black holes of about 30 solar masses each.

The exceptional clarity of the signal allowed scientists to confirm-at more than 99% certainty-Stephen Hawking's prediction that a merged black hole must have a larger surface area than its progenitors. Such confirmation had remained elusive due to weak signals from earlier detections.

Measuring gravitational waves requires detecting distortions smaller than 1 part in 700 trillion of a human hair's thickness. The LVK collaboration's advanced instruments made the breakthrough possible and continue to push the limits of precision measurement.

Beyond GW250114, researchers reported another record-setting event: GW231123, the merger of two black holes with masses of roughly 100 and 140 Suns, forming one weighing at least 225 solar masses. This object may reach up to 260 solar masses, placing it in the rare intermediate-mass black hole category, far beyond typical stellar collapse products.

"This observation challenges our understanding of how black holes form," noted Ezquiaga. "It's possible these giant black holes were themselves built from previous mergers, but we cannot be certain." Both black holes also rotated at extraordinary speeds, adding complexity to the analysis.

Although shorter and weaker, the GW231123 signal highlights a puzzling new population of unusually massive black holes, hinting at processes beyond standard models of stellar evolution.

The research not only expands our grasp of gravity and black hole physics but also drives advances in technology, from quantum optics and atomic clocks to AI-powered noise reduction. With new observatories planned in India and beyond, scientists expect a flood of detections in coming years.

"We expect this research field to be crucial for our fundamental understanding of the universe. We've only just reached the end of the beginning," said Ezquiaga.

Research Report:GW250114: Testing Hawking's Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes