Supernova mixing traced as source of key life elements

by Riko Seibo
Tokyo, Japan (SPX) Dec 05, 2025

Kyoto University and Meiji University researchers have used the XRISM X-ray satellite to quantify chlorine and potassium in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant, addressing a longstanding gap in how the universe produced these life-related elements. The work examines why current stellar models yield only about one-tenth of the chlorine and potassium inferred from observations across the cosmos.

Chlorine and potassium are odd-Z elements, each with an odd number of protons, and they play important roles in both planet formation and biological processes. The team targeted Cassiopeia A in the Milky Way to test whether supernova explosions can generate the observed amounts of these elements.

The observations used XRISM's Resolve microcalorimeter, an instrument that delivers energy resolution about an order of magnitude better than earlier X-ray detectors. This sensitivity enabled the detection of faint X-ray emission lines from relatively rare elements in the remnant's spectrum.

By analyzing the X-ray spectrum from Cassiopeia A, the researchers measured the abundances of chlorine and potassium and compared them with several supernova nucleosynthesis models. They found that both elements are present at levels far higher than predicted by standard supernova calculations, providing direct evidence that a single supernova can supply enough chlorine and potassium to match cosmic inventories.

The team proposes that strong internal mixing in massive stars, driven by factors such as rapid rotation, binary interaction, or shell-merger events, can substantially boost the production of these odd-Z elements before the star explodes. According to the authors, this enhanced mixing changes the internal structure and burning conditions in ways that favor chlorine and potassium synthesis.

"When we saw the Resolve data for the first time, we detected elements I never expected to see before the launch. Making such a discovery with a satellite we developed is a true joy as a researcher," says corresponding author Toshiki Sato. The results show how next-generation X-ray spectroscopy can reveal the detailed chemical output and internal physics of stellar explosions.

These findings indicate that the elements required for life emerge from extreme environments deep inside stars and in their explosive deaths, far from the conditions under which life later appears. The study also demonstrates the value of high-precision X-ray spectroscopy for tracing the origin of individual elements and for probing the physical processes at work in supernovae.

"I am delighted that we have been able, even if only slightly, to begin to understand what is happening inside exploding stars," says corresponding author Hiroyuki Uchida. The team now plans to extend this work to other supernova remnants with XRISM to determine whether the elevated chlorine and potassium yields seen in Cassiopeia A are typical of massive stars or a special case.

By surveying additional remnants, the researchers aim to test whether the proposed internal mixing mechanisms are a common feature of stellar evolution. "How Earth and life came into existence is an eternal question that everyone has pondered at least once. Our study reveals only a small part of that vast story, but I feel truly honored to have contributed to it," says corresponding author Kai Matsunaga.

Research Report:Chlorine and Potassium Enrichment in the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant