ESA and IENAI Space unveil innovative electrospray propulsion for small satellites

ESA and IENAI Space unveil innovative electrospray propulsion for small satellites
by Sophie Jenkins
Paris (ESA) Dec 28, 2023

In a significant advancement for small satellite propulsion, the European Space Agency (ESA) and IENAI Space, a Spain-based technology firm, have introduced an innovative electrospray propulsion system known as ATHENA (Adaptable THruster based on Electrospray powered by Nanotechnology). This pioneering technology, designed to enhance the maneuverability and longevity of CubeSats and similar small satellites, has recently achieved over 400 hours of continuous operation, marking a milestone in the field of satellite propulsion.

The core of ATHENA's design lies in its seven emitter arrays, each meticulously etched onto a silicon wafer using advanced micro- and nano-technology. These arrays comprise more than 500 pinhole-sized emitters, which discharge ions at high velocities. The ions are accelerated using an electrostatic field, maximizing the thrust generated by the system. This approach is not only inherently scalable but also stands out for its mass- and cost-efficiency, making it particularly suitable for CubeSats and other small-scale satellites.

Daniel Perez Grande, CEO and Co-founder of IENAI Space, emphasized the challenges and triumphs of developing ATHENA. "Everyone knows that 'space is hard', but we like to say that 'propulsion is harder'," he commented. Perez Grande highlighted the customizability and performance of their propulsion products, noting that they have already attracted interest from various industry players.

ATHENA's unique propulsion mechanism relies on conductive ionic-liquid salts, which serve as fuel. These liquids pass through nano-textured conical emitters and are then accelerated between an emitter and an extractor operating at different electric potentials. The interaction between the surface tension of the liquid and the electrostatic field results in the formation of ions that can be expelled at speeds around 20km/s, generating the necessary force to propel the satellite.

One of the most notable features of the ATHENA system is its capability for highly customizable thrust, using environmentally friendly, non-toxic 'green' propellants. This technology eliminates the need for pressurized tanks, further enhancing the safety and simplicity of satellite designs. The thrusters can be clustered freely as needed, with up to six units fitting onto the 10 cm face of a single CubeSat unit. These units can be further clustered to provide thrust for satellites weighing up to 50kg.

The ATHENA project has successfully passed its Preliminary Design Review, with an aim to deliver a final product by the end of next year. This development is part of ESA's General Support Technology Programme, which focuses on readying innovative products and services for both spaceflight and the commercial market.

This novel propulsion system represents a significant step forward in the field of satellite technology, offering a flexible, efficient, and eco-friendly solution for the propulsion of small satellites. With its continuous operation and customizable capabilities, ATHENA is poised to become a key player in the evolving landscape of space technology.

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