As she scrambled to get back to the country she's called home for a decade, racially motivated far-right trolls launched coordinated efforts to disrupt flight bookings from India, calling their campaign "clog the toilet."

The White House would later clarify that the new H-1B fee was a one-time payment not applicable to current holders. But leading US companies had already advised their employees abroad to swiftly return to avoid the fee or risk being stranded overseas.

Tamanam, an Austin-based software engineer, began searching for a flight from the city of Vijayawada, as users on the far-right message board 4chan moved to overwhelm reservation systems, in a bid to block Indian visa holders from booking tickets.

One 4chan thread encouraged users to find India-US flights, "initiate the checkout process" but "don't checkout," thereby clogging the system and preventing the visa holders from reaching the United States before the announcement took effect.

The campaign may have had a direct impact on Tamanam, who encountered repeated crashes on airline websites. The checkout page, which typically allows users a window of a few minutes, timed out much faster.

After multiple attempts, she eventually managed to rebook a one-way ticket to Dallas on Qatar Airways, spending around $2,000 -- more than double the cost of her original round-trip fare.

"It was hard for me to book a ticket and I paid a huge fare for the panic travel," Tamanam told AFP.

- 'Keep them in India' -

The 4chan thread -- which also circulated among far-right Trump supporters on Telegram and other fringe forums -- read: "Indians are just waking up after the H1B news. Want to keep them in India? Clog the flight reservation system!"

Responding posts, many riddled with racist slurs, advised users to hold seats for popular India-US routes on airline websites and booking platforms -- without completing the purchase.

The stated goal was to block availability on high-demand flights, making it harder to find available seats and inflating prices.

Illustrating the scale of the operation, one 4chan user posted a screenshot of their browser and claimed: "I got 100 seats locked."

"Currently clogging the last available seat on this Delhi to Newark flight," another wrote.

Several 4chan users also posted about holding up seats on Air India and slowing the airline's website. However, an Air India spokesperson told AFP the site experienced no disruptions, with systems operating normally.

- 'Shared antipathy' -

Though difficult to measure the campaign's overall effectiveness, the trolling was an attempt to "cause panic among H-1B visa holders," Heidi Beirich, co-founder of the Global Project Against Hate and Extremism, told AFP.

"The real scary thing about 4chan is its ability to radicalize people into extremist beliefs," Beirich said, adding that several US mass shooters had published manifestos to the site.

H-1B visas allow companies to sponsor foreign workers with specialized skills --- such as scientists and computer programmers -- to work in the United States, initially for three years but extendable to six.

The United States awards 85,000 H-1B visas per year on a lottery system, with India accounting for around three-quarters of the recipients.

In an age of information warfare, the troll operation illustrates how bad actors can launch disruptive attacks "with the stroke of a keyboard," said Brian Levin, founder of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism.

"As nationalistic politics takes hold across the world, an informal international association of opponents will use an array of aggressive tools, including the internet," Levin told AFP.

"What I think is so relevant is how rapidly it spread, how diverse the nations represented were, and how shared antipathy across international borders can be mobilized online."