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NASA's new lightweight x-ray mirrors ready for try-outs in space by Lori Keesey for GSFC News Greenbelt MD (SPX) Jul 30, 2019
Recent testing has shown that super-thin, lightweight X-ray mirrors made of a material commonly used to make computer chips can meet the stringent imaging requirements of next-generation X-ray observatories. As a result, the X-ray mirror technology being developed by Will Zhang and his team at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, has been baselined for the Design Reference Mission of the conceptual Lynx X-ray Observatory - one of four potential missions that scientists have vetted as worthy pursuits under the 2020 Decadal Survey for Astrophysics. If selected and ultimately launched in the 2030s, Lynx could literally carry tens of thousands of Zhang's mirror segments, which would offer a two orders-of-magnitude leap in sensitivity over NASA's flagship Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's Advanced Telescope for High-Energy Astrophysics, or Athena. Chandra itself offered a significant leap in capability when it launched in 1999. It can observe X-ray sources - exploded stars, clusters of galaxies, and matter around black holes -100 times fainter than those observed by previous X-ray telescopes. In another development, Zhang and his team have secured a nearer-term flight opportunity aboard a sounding rocket mission scheduled for 2021. This would represent the technology's first demonstration in space.
Seven-Year Development Effort These specially fabricated optics must be curved and nested inside a cylindrically shaped container so that highly energetic X-ray photons graze their surfaces and deflect into an observatory's instruments rather than passing through them. His goal - given the cost of building space observatories, which only increase in price as they get larger and heavier - was to develop easily reproducible, lightweight, super-thin mirrors, without sacrificing quality. "What we've done is shown from a scientific perspective and empirically that these optics can be built" using an inexpensive, abundantly available material that is immune from the internal stresses that can change the shape of X-ray mirrors made of glass, the more traditional mirror-making material, Zhang said. Reviews conducted by a NASA-commissioned panel of 40 experts deemed that Zhang's optics made of the brittle, highly stable silicon material are capable of the same image quality as the four pairs of larger and heavier mirrors flying on Chandra. The panel also deemed two other technologies - full-shell mirrors and adjustable optics - as being able to fulfill the requirements of the conceptual Lynx Observatory. Not only could Zhang's mirrors provide 0.5 arc-second resolution - comparable to the image quality afforded by ultra-high-definition television - they also met Zhang's low-mass requirements. They are 50 times lighter and thinner than Chandra's, Zhang said. This means future observatories could carry far more mirrors, creating a larger collection area for snagging X-rays emanating from high-energy phenomena in the universe.
Now the Hard Part Begins He and his engineering team now have to figure out how to bond these fragile mirror segments inside the canister, which protects the entire mirror assembly during a rocket launch and maintains their nested alignment. "We have a lot to do, and not a lot of time to do it," Zhang said. "This is now an engineering challenge." Time is of the essence, he added. Just two years from now, Zhang's team must deliver a 288-segment mirror assembly to Randall McEntaffer, a professor at Pennsylvania State University in State College who is developing a sounding rocket mission called the Off-plane Grating Rocket Experiment, or OGRE, expected to launch from the Wallops Flight Facility in 2021. In addition to the mirrors, OGRE will carry a university-developed spectrograph equipped with next-generation X-ray diffraction gratings used to split X-ray light into its component colors or wavelengths to reveal an object's temperature, chemical makeup, and other physical properties. OGRE will do much to advance the mirror assembly, Zhang added. The mission will help determine whether the team's design can protect the fragile nest of mirrors from extreme launch forces experienced during liftoff and ascent through Earth's atmosphere.
Other Opportunities Available "Five years ago, people said it couldn't be done, but we proved our ideas," Zhang said. "My team is grateful to Goddard's Internal Research and Development program for giving us the seed money. We couldn't have achieved this without it. For more Goddard technology news visit here
NASA's Webb Telescope Shines with American Ingenuity Greenbelt MD (SPX) Jul 22, 2019 To send humans to the Moon 50 years ago, an entire nation rose to the challenge. Surmounting countless hurdles, inventing new technologies while staring into the face of the unknown, NASA successfully pioneered multiple lunar landings. NASA demonstrated to the world the importance of partnerships and what a unified country can achieve. Similarly, the task of building the world's most complex and powerful space telescope, NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has required steadfast contribution from ac ... read more
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