newly discovered electrically charged 3b baryon, also known as the "cascade b," is made of a down, a strange and a bottom quark. It is the first observed baryon formed of quarks from all three families of matter. Its discovery and the measurement of its mass provide new understanding of how the strong nuclear force acts upon the quarks, the basic building blocks of matter.

The DZero experiment has reported the discovery of the cascade b baryon in a paper submitted to Physical Review Letters on June 12.

"Knowing the mass of the cascade b baryon gives scientists information they need in order to develop accurate models of how individual quarks are bound together into larger particles such as protons and neutrons," said physicist Robin Staffin, Associate Director for High Energy Physics for the Department of Energy's Office of Science.

The cascade b is produced in high-energy proton-antiproton collisions at Fermilab's Tevatron. A baryon is a particle of matter made of three fundamental building blocks called quarks. The most familiar baryons are the proton and neutron of the atomic nucleus, consisting of up and down quarks. Although protons and neutrons make up the majority of known matter today, baryons composed of heavier quarks, including the cascade b, were abundant soon after the Big Bang at the beginning of the universe.

The Standard Model elegantly summarizes the basic building blocks of matter, which come in three distinct families of quarks and their sister particles, the leptons. The first family contains the up and down quarks. Heavier charm and strange quarks form the second family, while the top and bottom, the heaviest quarks, make the third. The strong force binds the quarks together into larger particles, including the cascade b baryon. The cascade b fills a missing slot in the Standard Model.

Prior to this discovery, only indirect evidence for the cascade b had been reported by experiments at the Large Electron-Positron collider at the CERN Laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. For the first time, the DZero experiment has positively identified the cascade b baryon from its decay daughter particles in a remarkably complex feat of detection.

Most of the particles produced in high-energy collisions are short-lived and decay almost instantaneously into lighter stable particles. Particle detectors such as DZero measure these stable decay products to discover the new particles produced in the collision.

Once produced, the cascade b travels several millimeters at nearly the speed of light before the action of the weak nuclear force causes it to disintegrate into two well-known particles called J/Y ("jay-sigh") and 3- ("zigh minus").

The J/Y then promptly decays into a pair of muons, common particles that are cousins of electrons. The 3- baryon, on the other hand, travels several centimeters before decaying into yet another unstable particle called a ^ ("lambda") baryon, along with another long-lived particle called a pion. The ^ baryon too can travel several centimeters before ultimately decaying to a proton and a pion.

Sifting through data from trillions of collisions produced over the last five years to identify these final decay products, DZero physicists have detected 19 cascade b candidate events. The odds of the observed signal being due to something other than the cascade b are estimated to be one in 30 million.

earlier related report
Louisiana Researchers Help Find New Sub-Atomic Particle Shollis
Six Louisiana Tech researchers in the physics department played a role in discovering a new sub-atomic particle whose existence was announced this week.

The discovery was made by physicists of the DZero experiment at the U.S. Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill.

Discovery and measurement of the particle's mass will provide new understanding about the basic building blocks of matter.

Local participants in the experiment were physics faculty members Z.D. Greenwood, Lee Sawyer and Markus Wobisch; former post-doctoral researcher Julie Kalk; and current post-doctoral researchers Mike Arov and Joe Steele.

"We've never seen anything like this before," said Sawyer, who is academic director of Tech's physics and chemistry programs. "What is really neat about this is that we have models that predict these things' existence. Discovery is verification of the Standard Model of particle physics."

Details of the discovery will be presented at a special Fermilab seminar at 1 p.m. Friday, June 15. The DZero experiment reported the discovery of the particle in a paper submitted June 12 to Physical Review Letters, the Journal of the American Physical Society.

+ The newly discovered heavy particle is a baryon known as the "cascade b."

+ "A baryon is a particle of matter made of three fundamental building blocks called quarks. The most familiar baryons are the proton and neutron of the atomic nucleus ... Baryons composed of heavier quarks, including the cascade b, were abundant soon after the Big Bang at the beginning of the universe."

+ The discovery and measurement of cascade b's mass provide new insight into how the strong nuclear force acts upon those basic building blocks of matter.

+ Cascade b is the first observed baryon formed of quarks from all three families of matter.

+ Prior to this discovery, only indirect evidence for cascade b had been reported by experiments at the Large Electron-Positron collider at the CERN Laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland.

+ Cascade b is produced in high-energy proton-antiproton collisions at Fermilab's Tevatron device.

Physicist Robin Staffin, associate director for high-energy physics for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, said, "Knowing the mass of the cascade b baryon gives scientists information they need in order to develop accurate models of how individual quarks are bound together into larger particles such as protons and neutrons."

DZero is an international experiment of about 610 physicists from 88 institutions in 19 countries. It is supported by the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation and a number of international funding agencies. Fermilab is a national laboratory funded by DOE's Office of Science, operated under contract by Fermi Research Alliance.

Editor's Note: Science annotations used in this article have been converted from their superscript forms to facilate XML text processing to mobile device readers and the like.

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