Temperatures as low as minus 36 degrees Celsius (minus 33 degrees Fahrenheit) crippled power grids, and triggered emergency measures to help the homeless and conserve gas supplies from the Baltic states in the north to Italy and Greece in the south.

The Arctic weather conditions are expected to affect much of central Europe at least through Thursday.

The first two reported victims of the cold in Italy were found in northern towns Tuesday, while Moldovan authorities put their country's toll at 13 people over the past two days as temperatures dipped to lows not seen since 1907.

Even as temperatures warmed slightly in Russia, where scores of people have died since the cold snap began last week, neighboring Ukraine reported the loss of 26 lives overnight Monday, bringing to 77 the number who have died since last week, the health ministry said.

Several deaths were reported Tuesday in Poland, where the toll stands at 39 since last Thursday. Six more fatalities were reported in Turkey, bringing the total for the week to 17.

In Romania a 55-year-old man died of hypothermia, at least the 22nd victim in recent days, while in Germany the toll climbed to five when a 63-year-old man succumbed to the cold in his unheated apartment in Senftenberg.

In the center of Prague officials have erected a "tent city", an enclave of five heated army tents to house the homeless still left on the streets as local shelters have filled up. The cold snap through Monday claimed five lives in the Czech Republic, including two homeless people found under Prague bridges, local media reported.

In the Baltic state of Estonia, three more deaths from cold were reported Tuesday morning, while in neighboring Latvia -- a country of only 2.3 million -- the toll climbed to 40 after six deaths overnight.

The near-record cold has put pressure on energy resources as eastern and central European countries reported record consumption of gas.

Ukraine ordered regional governments to cut gas usage by 15 percent, as the country has exceeded volumes foreseen in contracts with Russian energy giant Gazprom.

Hundreds of residents in Bucharest were stranded without heat because of low gas pressure. The Romanian government called on Gazprom to "honor its contract" on gas deliveries after Bucharest reported a drop in gas supplies from Russia.

In Georgia, Energy Minister Nika Gelauri bluntly described conditions there: "The situation is very difficult."

Georgia was struggling to restore gas supplies disrupted by explosions Sunday on its main pipeline for Russia, and the frigid weather was not helping.

The country only had enough gas supplies for parts of the capital Tbilisi and media reports said in western areas of the impoverished Caucasus nation Georgians were literally left out in the cold - and to their own devices.

Many fell back on time-honored means of heating, the wood-burning stove.

"Russia can't take away from me my stove, my wood and my hazelnut shells," declared one self-reliant resident, Amiran Inachvili.

Europe's cold wave has indeed been fit for neither man nor beast.

German zoos were forced to lock up inside tropical animals including zebras, flamingoes and elephants.

"The elephants would get chilblains on their ears and the flamingoes would start ice-skating on the frozen pond," said Wolf Everts, director of a zoo in Osnabrueck.

And in an animal park in western Germany, zookeepers were afraid the zebras might slip on patches of ice in the African savannah, a spokeswoman said.

But the lions continued to roam. Their den has a heated floor.

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