The Himalayas: These forbidding peaks in South Asia, which reach more than 29,000 feet and include Mount Everest, mark one of Earth's youngest mountain ranges. They also signal the location of an active seismic region, as the people of Nepal witnessed on April 25. On that day, an earthquake in Nepal claimed more than 8,800 human lives and injured nearly 23,000 people. It was a magnitude 7.8 quake that left hundreds of thousands homeless and entire villages flattened.

What led to the quake, and when and where is Nepal's next one likely to occur? How can people recover more quickly from future earthquakes?

To help find answers, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has funded RAPID--or rapid response--awards for scientists and engineers studying events tied to the earthquake. NSF's Directorate for Geosciences has awarded approximately $480,000; its Directorate for Engineering $280,000.

RAPID awards are given for research that requires urgent access to data, facilities or specialized equipment, such as obtaining seismic measurements following a major quake.

"We are all shocked by the devastation caused by the Nepal earthquake," says Roger Wakimoto, NSF Assistant Director for Geosciences. "The NSF RAPID awards provide an opportunity to increase our fundamental understanding of earthquakes. The knowledge gained by the research conducted through these awards may ultimately improve society's resilience to natural disasters."

Understanding the causes
For Nepal, it all comes down to plate tectonics. The collision of the Indian plate with the Asian plate makes the region seismically active, which leads to earthquakes like the one in April.

To peer into Earth's inner workings beneath the Himalayas, scientists receiving NSF Nepal rapid response grants will conduct research on subjects including landslides caused by the earthquake--from immediate hazards to tectonic drivers; as well as the aftershock seismicity that followed the quake; and the fault geometry and time-dependent stress changes that are an integral part of how quakes such as Nepal's occur.

For example, Rebecca Bendick of the University of Montana and Roger Bilham of the University of Colorado are measuring post-seismic displacements. They plan to install two arrays of GPS units along the 21-mile expanse between Nepal's capital, Kathmandu, and the country's southern border. They hope to gain new insights into the region's tectonics.

More resilient infrastructure
The April earthquake, also known as the Gorkha quake, and its aftershocks caused widespread structural damage and infrastructure failures. Many of the devastated buildings and systems are similar in design to those in the U.S. and elsewhere, and have the same risks and vulnerabilities, such as cascading failures.

"Studying the damage to this structural system and the challenges to disaster management will help us better understand the vulnerabilities of similar systems, particularly those in California," says Pramod Khargonekar, NSF Assistant Director for Engineering. "With more data to inform more resilient designs, engineering advances can enable infrastructure to better withstand future hazards and to bounce back faster with minimal loss."

To strengthen disaster recovery, NSF-funded researchers will investigate ways to improve damage assessment, post-disaster logistics, and coordination of relief efforts.

The data collected in Nepal will inform the broader disaster research community.

NSF works closely with other government agencies to share information via the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program and the Learning from Earthquakes Program, which have extensive data archives and support scientists poised to respond to natural hazards.

Researchers with the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association, which also receives NSF support, were among the first U.S. scientific teams on the scene in Nepal.

NSF Rapid Response Grant Awardees: Nepal Earthquake
+ Andre Barbosa and Michael Olsen, Oregon State University: RAPID/Collaborative Research: Post-Disaster, Reinforced Concrete Building Performance Data Collection following the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake

+ Rebecca Bendick, University of Montana: Collaborative Research: The Nepal Earthquake and Limits on Moment, Fault Geometry and Time-Dependent Stress Changes

+ Roger Bilham, University of Colorado, Boulder: Collaborative Research: The Nepal Earthquake and Limits on Moment, Fault Geometry and Time Dependent Stress Changes

+ Marin Clark, University of Michigan: RAPID Collaborative Research: Landslides caused by the April 2015 Nepal earthquakes, from immediate hazard to tectonic driver

+ Abhijit Ghosh, University of California, Riverside: Collaborative Research: Rapid Response to the Mw 7.9 Earthquake of April 25, 2015 in Nepal

+ Jose Holguin-Veras, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute: RAPID: Field Investigation on the Socio-Technical Features of Post-Disaster Response Logistics in the Aftermath of the Nepal Earthquake

+ Marianne Karplus, University of Texas, El Paso: RAPID: Collaborative Research: Nepal Array Measuring Aftershock Seismicity Trailing Earthquake

+ Simon Klemperer, Stanford University: RAPID: Collaborative Research: Nepal Array Measuring Aftershock Seismicity Trailing Earthquake

+ Ali Mostafavi, Nazife Ganapati and Nipesh Pradhananga, Florida International University: RAPID: Assessment of Cascading Failures and Collective Recovery of Interdependent Critical Infrastructure in Catastrophic Disasters: A Study of 2015 Earthquake in Nepal

+ John Nabelek, Oregon State University: Collaborative Research: Rapid Response to the Mw 7.9 Earthquake of April 25, 2015 in Nepal

+ Bimal Paul, Kansas State University: Contribution of Linking Networks in Nepalese Earthquake Response: A Case Study

+ Andreas Stavridis, State University of New York at Buffalo: RAPID/Collaborative Research: Post-Disaster, Reinforced Concrete Building Performance Data Collection following the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake

+ A. Joshua West, University of Southern California: RAPID Collaborative Research: Landslides caused by the April 2015 Nepal earthquakes, from immediate hazard to tectonic driver