![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
. | ![]() |
. |
![]() by Staff Writers Durham NC (SPX) Mar 02, 2016
A Duke theorist says there's a very good reason why objects in the universe come in a wide variety of sizes, from the largest stars to the smallest dust motes - and it has a lot to do with how paint cracks when it dries. In a paper published March 1 in the Journal of Applied Physics, Adrian Bejan, the J.A. Jones Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Duke University, explains how the need to release internal tension shaped the universe as we see it. Though unknowably large and spread out, the very early universe can be thought of as a finite volume of suspended particles. And because every object in the universe exerts a gravitational force on every other object in the universe, this volume was in internal tension. It was only a matter of time before particles began coming together to form larger objects. But why did they come together to form objects in such a wide variety of sizes, rather than in a uniform manner? "We know from common experiences that things in volumetric tension crack, and they crack instantly everywhere," said Bejan. "The easiest example is paint drying on a wall. As it dries, it shrinks, putting the entire system in tension. Then boom, it suddenly cracks overnight, relieving the tension. And the design responsible for that relief is hierarchical, meaning few large and many small." According to Bejan, this pattern of relief follows the constructal law, which he penned in 1996. The constructal law states that any flowing system allowed to change freely over time will trend toward an easier flowing architecture. For rivers, roots and vascular systems, this means a few large channels carry massive flows to numerous smaller branches for evacuation. For a young universe with particles pulling every which way, this means its internal tension released in the fastest way possible. In a series of thought experiments and simple physics equations, Bejan's paper shows that the fastest way for the tension to be released was through the formation of bodies in a hierarchy. That is, he demonstrates that if all bodies formed were of the same size, the tension would not be released as affectively as when a few large bodies were formed along with many smaller bodies. Just like the cracks in the paint. "All volumetric cracking is hierarchical. You never see uniform cracking or shattering," said Bejan. "In celestial mechanics, there is this very old idea that bodies coalesce and grow due to gravity, which is of course correct. Growth is one thing, but growing hierarchically rather than all in the same size is another, which is called nature." "The physics origin of the hierarchy of bodies in space." A. Bejan and R.W. Wagstaff. Journal of Applied Physics, 2016. DOI: 10.1063/1.4941986
Related Links Duke University Stellar Chemistry, The Universe And All Within It
|
|
The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2024 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. All articles labeled "by Staff Writers" include reports supplied to Space Media Network by industry news wires, PR agencies, corporate press officers and the like. Such articles are individually curated and edited by Space Media Network staff on the basis of the report's information value to our industry and professional readership. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Statement Our advertisers use various cookies and the like to deliver the best ad banner available at one time. All network advertising suppliers have GDPR policies (Legitimate Interest) that conform with EU regulations for data collection. By using our websites you consent to cookie based advertising. If you do not agree with this then you must stop using the websites from May 25, 2018. Privacy Statement. Additional information can be found here at About Us. |