"Our experience of international co-operation in the domain of space-related physical sciences started in 1980," explains Bernard Roux of L3M, the department of Modelling and Numerical Simulation in Mechanics at the University of Aix-Marseille-2.

"At that time, bilateral agreements were set up between the CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) and the then-Soviet Space Agency Rosaviakosmos, and between the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) and the Russian Academy of Sciences."

With Perestroika, explains Roux, the exchanges were increased, including visits by Europeans to a number of scientific centres in the former Soviet Union.

"In 1990," he says, "the exchanges were extended at a multinational level, through the European Space Agency (ESA). We were asked by ESA to report on microgravity research activities in the USSR. This report led to a visit by 12 senior European scientists, from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland." The links forged during that historic mission, says Roux, have lasted to this day.

The current crop
Successive initiatives have led to the current trilateral French-German-Russian programme, under which a new Research-Training network (RTN), entitled 'Complex fluid mechanics, high performance computing, modelling and control of processes; space applications', has now been initiated.

This network includes four French, five German and three Russian universities as well as two Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

It involves the exchange of 24 Russian doctoral students, half granted by French Ministries (the Ministry of Education and Research and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and half granted by the German Academic Exchange Service on behalf of the German Ministry of Education and Research. Meanwhile, RTNs have been integrated into larger international research consortia.

Working with China
Student exchanges with China started in 1989 and were quickly followed by research exchanges between L3M and the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, in particular within the framework of a bilateral Franco-Chinese programme of advanced co-operative research.

This partnership was further extended and new partnerships have been developed involving additional Chinese PhD students and additional Labs in France and Belgium.

In 1998, a new partnership in the area of Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) was initiated with China's ISME (Institute of Space Medico-Engineering), charged with the preparation of the Chinese spaceship Shenzhou. Granted by the French Embassy; the partnership (1999-2003) involved PhD work aimed at investigating ventilation problems.

Looking ahead
A strong proponent of continued support for space sciences during last year's Space Policy Green Paper consultation, Roux's group is currently applying for further support under the European Union's Marie Curie Fellowship programme.

They have also submitted proposals under the EU's Sixth Framework Programme for a new EU-Russia Network of Excellence in space-related life and physical sciences, as well as a similar initiative including both Russia and the Ukraine.

For Roux, the mobility of European and other international students is important to the globalisation of space and the maximisation of its benefits. "We can only hope", he says, "that our efforts have gone some way towards the larger goals of integrating and strengthening the European Research Area and the Higher Education Area at a pan-European level.

"One of the drawbacks we see under the present system is that post-doctoral positions and longer-term career opportunities for foreign students offered by American Universities are still more attractive than those offered by France and Germany.

"We hope that, with the support of our national and European institutions, we can offer a positive alternative to many of these students, giving them a brighter future in Europe and, in doing so, help to ensure the strength of European space science."

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