SpaceX's Starship megarocket roared into the skies Tuesday on its 10th test flight, following a string of explosive failures that cast doubt about its ability to realize Elon Musk's vision of colonizing Mars.
Standing 403 feet (123 meters) tall, the most powerful launch vehicle ever built lifted off from the company's Starbase in southern Texas at 6:30pm local time (2330 GMT), triggering loud cheers from engineering teams, a webcast showed.
Starship is key to Musk's ambitions of making humanity a multiplanetary species, while NASA is awaiting a modified version to act as a lander for its plans to return astronauts to the Moon.
A launch attempt on Sunday was scrubbed due to a fuel leak on the launchpad, and on Monday weather intervened as thick clouds forced another delay.
Much is riding on the mission, after the last three flights ended with the upper stage exploding: twice over the Caribbean and once after reaching space. In June, an upper stage blew up during a ground test.
"We've had so many tests and it hasn't proven itself reliable," Dallas Kasaboski, a space analyst for consulting firm Analysys Mason, told AFP. "The successes have not exceeded the failures."
The goal is to send the upper stage ship -- eventually intended to carry crew and cargo -- halfway across the globe before splashing down off northwestern Australia.
Outfitted with prototype heat-shield materials, it will deploy dummy Starlink satellites while flying a trajectory meant to stress-test its rear flaps.
The booster, known as Super Heavy, splashed down safely in the Gulf of Mexico. While SpaceX previously wowed observers by catching the booster in the launch tower's "chopstick arms," this flight instead focused on collecting data on how it performed when an engine unexpectedly cuts out.
Despite recent setbacks, Starship is not seen as being at a crisis point. SpaceX's "fail fast, learn fast" philosophy has already given it a commanding lead in launches with its Falcon rockets, while Dragon capsules ferry astronauts to the ISS and Starlink has become a geopolitical asset.
Still, Starship presents new challenges. Musk has identified developing a fully reusable orbital heat shield as the toughest task, noting it took nine months to refurnish the Space Shuttle's heat shield between flights.
"What we're trying to achieve here with Starship is to have a heat shield that can be flown immediately," he said on a webcast Monday.
Another hurdle is proving Starship can be refueled in orbit with super-cooled propellant -- an essential but untested step for the vehicle to carry out deep-space missions.
Time is running short to ready a modified version as NASA's lunar lander for 2027, and for Musk to make good on his vow to send an uncrewed Starship to Mars next year.
