Here is a chronology of a missile race conducted against a backdrop of tensions over the disputed Himalayan state of Kashmir and memories of three wars in 1947, 1965 and 1971.

1998

April: Pakistan launches the first version of a surface-to-surface Ghauri missile with a range of around 1,500 kilometres (940 miles).

May: India and Pakistan shock the world with a series of tit-for-tat underground nuclear detonations, confirming their long-suspected entry into the exclusive nuclear club.

1999

February 20 and 21: Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee makes the first visit by an Indian head of government to Pakistan in a decade, meeting then Pakistani leader Nawaz Sharif in Lahore. Both men vow to reduce nuclear tensions.

April: India tests the nuclear-capable Agni II, which with a range of around 2,500 kilometres (1,560 miles) could hit anywhere in Pakistan and deep into China.

Pakistan retaliates with a test of its Ghauri II missile, with a range of 1,500 kilometres, and its Shaheen missile (800 kilometres or 500 miles).

May 9 to July 12: Indian troops launch a massive offensive against Kashmiri militants they claim had infiltrated the Kargil region of Kashmir from Pakistani territory. The fighting leaves 1,000 people dead.

October 12: A military coup ousts prime minister Nawaz Sharif and brings General Pervez Musharraf to power in Pakistan.

2000:

February 7: Pakistan test-fires a short-range Hatf I surface-to-surface ballistic missile reportedly able to reach targets up to 100 kilometresmiles) away.

November 19: India suspends military operations in Kashmir.

2001

July 15 and 16: Talks at Agra summit between Vajpayee and Musharraf stumble over the Kashmir issue.

September 11: Twin attacks on New York and Washington lead to Pakistan joining the US-led war on terror in neighbouring Afghanistan and cracking down on Kashmiri separatist groups.

October 1: Suicide attack on parliament in Srinagar, Indian Kashmir. New Delhi accuses Islamabad of backsliding on anti-terror promises.

December 13: Attack on New Delhi parliament by suicidal gunmen kills 14. India accuses Pakistani intelligence services of masterminding the violence.

December 27: India imposes sanctions on Islamabad and announces army deploying within three days to Pakistani border. One million troops are now facing off on the border.

2002

January 12: In a landmark speech, Musharraf announces a crackdown on extremist organisations in Pakistan and bans five groups, including two blamed by India for the New Delhi parliament attack.

January 25: India test-fires the intermediate Agni I missile with a range of 700 kilometres (440 miles). Islamabad warns test-firing increases regional instability but promises restraint.

April 28: India tests a supersonic cruise missile known as Brahmos, jointly developed with Russia. The missile has a range of 300 kilometres (186 miles) and can carry a 200-kilogramme (440-pound) conventional warhead.

(In addition to the Agni (Fire) series, India has already inducted the Prithvi (Earth) missile, a more cumbersome, fixed-silo delivery system with a maximum range of just 250 kilometres (150 miles). It has also tested a Trident short-range surface-to-air missile.)

May 14: Militants attack a passenger bus and an army camp near Jammu, Indian Kashmir's winter capital, leaving 35 people dead and triggering a new crisis in relations between India and Pakistan.

May 22: Vajpayee tells front-line troops in Kashmir that the time has come for a "decisive fight" which he pledges "we will win".

May 25-28: Pakistan tests three missiles in quick succession, a short-range Abdali and Ghaznavi missile (with a reach of 180-290 kilometers/110 to 180 miles), and a medium-range Ghauri missile.

September 24: India test fires a Trident or Trishul short-range missile, which can travel nine kilometers (5.5 miles).

October 4: Pakistan tests its medium-range Shaheen or Hatf-IV missile, capable of carring nuclear warhead deep into India, amid renewed tensions over a series of killings India blames on Pakistan-supported militants in the Indian-run half of Kashmir, which is in the midst of assembly elections.

October 8: Pakistan test-fires nuclear-capable Shaheen or Hatf-IV ballistic missile, two days before first general elections since 1999 army coup.

2003

January 9: India test-fires its first surface-to-surface Agni intermediate-range ballistic missile.

January 18: Indai test-fires medium range surface-to-air missile, Akash (Sky) missile which can carry a 55-kilogram (121-pound) warhead and target five warplanes simultaneously up to a distance of 30 kilometres (18.6 miles)

January 20: India test-fires surface-to-air Akash missile

February 12: India test-fires short-range supersonic anti-ship cruise missile BrahMos

March 26: Pakistan and India conduct short-range surface-to-surface missile tests on the same day, with India test-firing the Pirthivi missile and Pakistan test-firing its Abdali missile.

April 29: India test-fires its medium-range surface-to-surface Prithvi missile

October 3: Pakistan test fires Ghaznavi or Hatf III surface-to-surface ballistic missile, capable of carrying a nuclear warhead 290 kilometersmiles)

October 8: Pakistan test-fires Shaheen 1 or Hatf IV surface-to-surface ballistic missile which can carry a nuclear warhead 700 kilometers (434 miles).

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