The Mars Exploration Rovers � Spirit and Opportunity � both contain critical parts made from materials developed by DuPont Electronic & Communication Technologies. Since the birth of manned space flight more than four decades ago, DuPont has been along for the ride with products essential for lighter weight, reduced volume, durability and environmental resistance.

Consumers will find the same DuPont technologies enabling cell phones, plasma display panels, personal digital assistants (PDAs), video camcorders, laptop computers and digital cameras, among others. DuPont electronic materials make these products smaller and more durable, while allowing them to do more, faster and better.

These high-tech materials provide the same solutions so that today's rovers have more space for additional scientific payload. The Mars rovers include almost 70 yards each of flexible circuits made of thin DuPont Pyralux laminates and composites.

By replacing bulky round wires and cables, these materials can provide a volume savings of between 60 percent and 70 percent. Stacked, they would total less than 1.5 inches. Pyralux flexible circuits connect the "brain" of the rovers to their parts � the robotic arm, cameras, high gain antenna, wheels and sensors.

Pressure-sensitive tape made of DuPont Kapton polyimide film is used throughout the rovers to control vibration. Pyralux flexible cables secured with Kapton tape offer durable, lightweight environmental resistance for the temperatures on Mars, ranging from minus 120� Centigrade (minus 184� Farenheit) to 22� C (72� F).

Hundreds of Kapton strip heaters are used throughout the rovers for thermal control, ensuring critical warmth needed to maintain operations in the extremely cold Martian atmosphere. They are wrapped around each of the motors on the robotic arm to keep the motors and gearboxes running at optimum temperature and efficiency.

Traditional copper wires and cables have large conductors that can easily allow heat to escape from the rover electronics module, threatening a shortened mission life. Kapton strip heaters significantly reduce that risk and allow the rovers to use smaller solar panels and batteries.

The cameras beaming clear, high resolution signals back to Earth can do so in part because the Pyralux flexible circuits were made using DuPont Riston dry film photoresists and ImageMaster phototooling films that provide reliable fine-line circuit images, ensuring consistent quality signals and performance.

"DuPont materials have enabled manned and unmanned missions into space for almost half a century," said Craig G. Naylor, group vice president, DuPont Electronic & Communication Technologies. "That's the same trend you can see and feel in everyday products like lighter, thinner cell phones, yet these smaller, more advanced electronics are much more powerful."

DuPont electronic materials provide key benefits such as volume and weight savings, in addition to the bend and twist flexibility.

Kapton film works with layers of DuPont Teflon fluoropolymer resin and Pyralux flexible cables to provide power from the Rover Electronics Module to the hardware components in the rovers. The flexible joints of the robotic arm, which must withstand repeated bending in extreme environments, use Kapton and Pyralux.

Metallized Kapton is used in thermal shielding for heat-sensitive components. The airbags, so critical to the rovers' successful landings, are threaded and reinforced with DuPont Kevlar brand fiber.

In addition to the rovers, satellites orbiting Earth today provide clear communications because of thin, lightweight and durable Pyralux flexible circuits.

Other DuPont inventions have contributed to space exploration. On Apollo missions to the moon, 20 of the 21 layers in each space suit were made with DuPont materials, including DuPont Mylar polyester film, neoprene and Kapton. Today's suits include fewer layers but many of the same products, in addition to Nomex and Kevlar branded fibers.

Kevlar also was used on the Galileo probe to Jupiter, which included a parachute made of Kevlar, and at the International Space Station, where a blanket made of Kevlar was used to wrap its inner walls to protect from micrometeorites. In addition, the Space Station's wings used Kapton to absorb UV rays.

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