By Toutatis! Monster Asteroid Flyby Excites Doomsters, Skygazers

IRON AND ICE

Toutatis as imaged by JPL Echo

Asteroid Exploration Missions
Paris (AFP) Sep 26, 2004 - In less than two decades, perception of the threat posed to Earth from space rocks has changed from one of sci-fi to that of a real - if remote - peril on which serious money should be spent.

SPACEGUARD SURVEY: NASA initiative, set up in 1998, to identify 90 percent of all near-Earth asteroids larger than one kilometer (0.6 of a mile) across by the end of 2008. Uses US telescopes and support from amateurs, to be powerfully supplemented by two big American telescopes from 2008.

DEEP IMPACT: US mission, culminating July 2005, in which a 370-kilopound) slug will be fired into a distant comet, Tempel 1, and the impact filmed from a flyby spacecraft. The goal is to understand more about the density and internal structure of comets, something that will be useful for determining whether it is safer to blow up, deflect or steer away any future head-on threat for Earth.

ROSETTA: European spacecraft, launched in March 2004, which will send a robot lander on the Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014 to examine its surface. En route, it will remote-scan two asteroids during a flyby: Steins, measuring several kilometers (a couple of miles) across, in 2008, and Lutetia, a 100-km (60-mile) leviathan, in 2010.

DON QUIJOTE: European Space Agency (ESA) scheme to send two probes to rendezvous with a distant asteroid. One would spend seven months filming and scanning the object and send down penetrators and seismometers to hook onto the rock's surface. It would then do a suicide plunge, smashing into the asteroid, while the instruments record the impact on the rock's structure. The data would be transmitted to the other probe. Project is top of ESA's asteroid wish-list but still needs approval and funding. Timeframe, if all goes well: 2010-2015.

ASTEROID TUGBOAT: Nickname for a proposed vehicle that would steer or tow a threatening asteroid towards a safer orbit around the Sun. Its backers are the B612 Foundation, a thinktank set up by former US astronauts Rusty Schweickart and Ed Lu. They are lobbying for a demonstration mission to take place within the next 10-12 years, using prototype nuclear propulsion, being explored by NASA under its Prometheus Program, to give the tugboat its thrust.

Paris, France (AFP) Sep 26, 2004
On Wednesday, Earth will get its closest known shave this century from a major asteroid, a monster big enough to extinguish billions of lives were it ever to collide with our home.

But, in contrast to the warnings of a handful of doomsayers, scientists say the peril from this rock is beyond negligible.

In fact, they say this particular risk is zero and will remain so for several centuries, thanks to an increasingly successful effort to spot space bruisers and calculate their future orbits around the Sun.

The asteroid in question is 4179 Toutatis, a behemoth some 4.6 kilometers (2.9 miles) long by 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) across.

Spinning like an anarchic dumbbell, Toutatis will be at its closest to Earth at 1337 GMT on Wednesday, when it will be 1,549,719 kilometersmiles) away, according to the Near-Earth Object (NEO) Programme run by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

That may seem comfortingly far.

But in galactic terms it is narrower than a whisker: just four times the gap between Earth and the Moon.

Six months ago, panicky rumours spread on the Internet that there was little point to booking next year's summer holidays - that NASA had got it wrong or lied, and we were all heading for The Big One.

Websites run by Christian zealots and individuals in contact with aliens predicted the Second Coming of Jesus or a secret US nuclear missile strike to neutralise the asteroid.

True, Toutatis is so big and will be so close "it should be visible in the night sky in the Southern hemisphere, if you point a pair of binoculars in the region of [the star] Alpha Centauri," says Benny Peiser of Liverpool John Moores University and a fellow of Britain's Royal Astronomical Society.

Were Toutatis to collide with Earth, the energy released would be equivalent to tens of thousands of hydrogen bombs, kicking up dust clouds which would shield out the sunlight, plunging the planet and its inhabitants into a lethal "impact winter."

Earth's atmosphere protects us from NEOs up to a diameter of 40mfeet), an impact energy of about three megatonnes.

Beyond that size, the news is bad. NEOs between 40m and one km (0.6 of a mile) across can inflict local damage equivalent to thousands of nuclear bombs, as evidenced by the massive explosion in Tanguska, Siberia in 1908.

The NEO that whacked into what is now Mexico 65 million years ago, ending the long reign of the dinosaurs, is estimated to have been between five and 15 kms (three and 9.5 miles) across, packing a 30- to 100-million-megatonne punch.

The good news, though, is that big advances are being made to spot the biggest threats.

Spaceguard Survey, a US programme, is already two-thirds towards its goal of identifying by the end of 2008 90 percent of the estimated 1,000-1,100 asteroid NEOs that are more than one km (0.6 miles) across - the climate killers.

That does not include, however, comets that take centuries to loop around the Sun and whose paths thus remain uncharted. Yet only a tiny number of these are likely to be any potential threat.

"Any NEO that is going to hit the Earth will swing near our planet many times before it hits, and it should be discovered by comprehensive sky searches like Spaceguard," says NASA expert David Morrison.

"In almost all cases, we will either have a long lead time," he points out, "or none at all."

Asteroids are commonly thought of as chunks of rock left over from the formation of the Solar System 4.5 billion years ago.

The vast majority safely trundle around the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

But the gravitational tug of giant planets such as Jupiter, as well as collisions with other asteroids, can nudge rocks out of the belt. Those whose orbits may regularly bring them close to Earth are classified as NEOs.

Discovered in 1989, Toutatis is probably one of the most studied asteroids of all because its most recent circuits have brought it so close to Earth. It takes four years to loop around the Sun, although it has a very odd, almost chaotic spin quite unseen in any other asteroid.

It has not been so close to Earth since 1353 and won't be this close again until 2562, says the specialist website space.com.

Toutatis owes its name to a trio of French astronomers, who baptised it after a Celtic god well-known in France for the comic book hero Asterix.

Protected by Toutatis, Asterix and his friends fear nothing except the idea of the sky falling on their heads. On Wednesday, too, they should have nothing to worry about.

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IRON AND ICE

Asteroid Fragments On A Fast Collision Course

Zurich (SPX) Jul 19, 2004
Over a million large asteroids, each several kilometres wide, are orbiting the Sun in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. There are sometimes violent collisions. Until now, it has been thought that the resulting asteroid fragments would need several million years to reach the Earth. New measurements from the Noble Gas Laboratory of ETH Zurich show however, that the Earth could be reached much sooner.

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