Dynamic windows based on electrochromism - meaning their opacity changes in response to electric stimulus - are not a new concept. But, to this point, most dynamic windows were either clear or dark.
"Our work demonstrates that there are more options available," says Veronica Augustyn, co-corresponding author of a paper on the work and the Jake and Jennifer Hooks Distinguished Scholar in Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University. "Specifically, we've shown that you can allow light to pass through the windows while still helping to keep buildings cooler and thus more energy efficient."
The key to more dynamic window materials is water.
Specifically, the researchers found that when water is bound within the crystalline structure of a tungsten oxide - forming tungsten oxide hydrate - the material exhibits a previously unknown behavior.
Tungsten oxides have long been used in dynamic windows. That's because tungsten oxide is normally transparent. But when you apply an electrical signal, and inject lithium ions and electrons into the material, the material becomes dark and blocks light.
Researchers have now shown that you can effectively tune the wavelengths of light that are blocked when you inject lithium ions and electrons into a related material called tungsten oxide hydrate. When lithium ions and electrons are injected into the hydrate material, it first transitions into a "heat blocking" phase, allowing visible wavelengths of light to pass through, but blocking infrared light. If more lithium ions and electrons are injected, the material then transitions into a dark phase, blocking both visible and infrared wavelengths of light.
"The presence of water in the crystalline structure makes the structure less dense, so the structure is more resistant to deformation when lithium ions and electrons are injected into the material," says Jenelle Fortunato, first author of the paper and a postdoctoral fellow at NC State.
"Our hypothesis is that, because the tungsten oxide hydrate can accommodate more lithium ions than regular tungsten oxide before deforming, you get two modes. There's a 'cool' mode - when injection of lithium ions and electrons affects the optical properties, but structural change hasn't occurred yet - which absorbs infrared light. And then, after the structural change occurs, there's a 'dark' mode that blocks both visible and infrared light."
"The discovery of dual-band (infrared and visible) light control in a single material that's already well-known to the smart windows community may accelerate development of commercial products with enhanced features," says Delia Milliron, co-corresponding author of the paper and the Ernest Cockrell, Sr. Chair #1 in Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin.
"More broadly speaking, the unforeseen role of structural water in producing distinctive electrochemical properties may inspire the research community beyond smart window developers, leading to innovation in energy storage and conversion materials."
The paper, "Dual-Band Electrochromism in Hydrous Tungsten Oxide," is published in the journal ACS Photonics. First author of the paper is Jenelle Fortunato, a postdoctoral researcher at NC State. The paper was co-authored by Noah Holzapfel, a postdoctoral researcher at NC State; Matthew Chagnot, a Ph.D. student at NC State; James Mitchell, a recent Ph.D. graduate of NC State; Benjamin Zydlewski and Hsin-Che Lu of the University of Texas at Austin; and Ming Lei and De-en Jiang of Vanderbilt University.
The research was done with support from the National Science Foundation, under grant 1653827; the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science, under grant DE-SC0023408; and the Welch Foundation, under grant F-1848.
Research Report:Dual-Band Electrochromism in Hydrous Tungsten Oxide
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