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Gigantic cavity in space sheds new light on how stars form by Nadia Whitehead for CFA News Boston MA (SPX) Sep 24, 2021
Astronomers analyzing 3D maps of the shapes and sizes of nearby molecular clouds have discovered a gigantic cavity in space. The sphere-shaped void, described in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, spans about 150 parsecs - nearly 500 light years - and is located on the sky among the constellations Perseus and Taurus. The research team, which is based at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian, believes the cavity was formed by ancient supernovae that went off some 10 million years ago. The mysterious cavity is surrounded by the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds - regions in space where stars form. "Hundreds of stars are forming or exist already at the surface of this giant bubble," says Shmuel Bialy, a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Theory and Computation (ITC) at the Center for Astrophysics (CfA) who led the study. "We have two theories-either one supernova went off at the core of this bubble and pushed gas outward forming what we now call the 'Perseus-Taurus Supershell,' or a series of supernovae occurring over millions of years created it over time." The finding suggests that the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds are not independent structures in space. But rather, they formed together from the very same supernova shockwave. "This demonstrates that when a star dies, its supernova generates a chain of events that may ultimately lead to the birth of new stars," Bialy explains.
Mapping Stellar Nurseries Descriptions of exactly how 3D maps of the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds and other nearby clouds were analyzed appear in a separate study published in The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ). Both studies make use of a dust reconstruction created by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany. The maps represent the first-time molecular clouds have been charted in 3D. Previous images of the clouds were constrained to two dimensions. "We've been able to see these clouds for decades, but we never knew their true shape, depth or thickness. We also were unsure how far away the clouds were," says Catherine Zucker, a postdoctoral researcher at the CfA who led the ApJ study. "Now we know where they lie with only 1 percent uncertainty, allowing us to discern this void between them."
But why map clouds in the first place?
The Universe at Your Fingertips "You can literally make the universe float over your kitchen table," says Harvard professor and CfA astronomer Alyssa Goodman, a co-author on both studies and founder of Glue, the data visualization software that was used to create the maps of molecular clouds. Goodman calls the new publications examples of the "paper of the future" and considers them important steps toward the interactivity and reproducibility of science, which AAS committed to in 2015 as part of their effort to modernize publications. "We need richer records of scientific discovery," Goodman says. "And current scholarly papers could be doing much better. All of the data in these papers are available online - on Harvard's Dataverse - so that anyone can build on our results." Goodman envisions future scientific articles where audio, video and enhanced visuals are regularly included, allowing all readers to more easily understand the research presented. She says, "It's 3D visualizations like these that can help both scientists and the public understand what's happening in space and the powerful effects of supernovae." Additional co-authors on The ApJ Letter are: Catherine Zucker, Alyssa Goodman, Michael Foley and Vadim Semenov of the Center for Astrophysics; Joao Alves of the University of Vienna; Robert Benjamin of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater; and Reimar Leike and Torsten Ensslin of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics. Co-authors on the ApJ study are: Alyssa Goodman, Shmuel Bialy, Eric Koch, Joshua Speagle, Michael Foley and Douglas Finkbeiner of the Center for Astrophysics; Joao Alves of the University of Vienna; Reimar Leike, Torsten Ensslin and Gordian Edenhofer of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics; and Joshua Peek of the Space Telescope Science Institute. The augmented reality figure was made possible thanks to a collaboration between the glue team, the American Astronomical Society and Delightex, a commercial software company. glue is funded by the National Science Foundation, NASA and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
How to weigh a quasar Heidelberg, Germany (SPX) Sep 24, 2021 Astronomers of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy have, for the first time, successfully tested a new method for determining the masses of extreme black holes in quasars. This method is called spectroastrometry and is based on the measurement of radiation emitted by gas in the vicinity of supermassive black holes. This measurement simultaneously determines the rotational velocity of the radiating gas and its distance from the centre of the accretion disk from which material flows into the blac ... read more
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