Humans can help the critically endangered Saimaa ringed seal to cope with climate change. Man-made snow drifts developed in a recent study from the University of Eastern Finland improved the breeding success of seals during winters with poor snow conditions.

Lake Saimaa in Finland is home to the critically endangered subspecies of the ringed seal, the Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis). The Saimaa ringed seal is heavily ice-associated and its breeding success depends on sufficient ice and snow cover. The loss of snow and ice caused by the ongoing climate change poses a direct threat to the subspecies, and climate change induced changes to the environment may have indirect effects, too.

While the effects of human activity on the seal population can be detrimental - for example through a high rate of fishing bycatch mortality as observed on Lake Saimaa - a novel conservation method can help the seal population to cope with climate change. A recent study completed at the University of Eastern Finland developed novel methods for the monitoring and conservation of the Saimaa ringed seal.

In her PhD thesis, Miina Auttila, MSc, created a method for building man-made snowdrifts, which proved to be successful in improving seals' breeding success during winters with poor snow conditions. These snowdrifts were designed to mimic wind-drifted snow and they were piled using shovels and pushers at seals' lair sites before the breeding season. A study based on the morphometry of seals showed that successful nursing enables the rapid growth of the pup, which is essential for its survival.

Typically, a snow lair provides good shelter, but poor snow conditions expose pups to predation, harsh climate and disturbance by humans, elevate the risk of mortality, and may hamper growth.

The study also developed novel non-invasive monitoring methods such as camera traps and underwater surveys for monitoring lair sites and for making better estimations of natality and perinatal mortality.

The perinatal mortality appeared to be higher than was estimated earlier, but the causes of the mortality are not fully known. The camera traps also provided valuable information on human and predator activity at lair sites.

Population growth essential for survival
Altogether, decline in pup survival seems to be the most acute threat to the Saimaa ringed seal posed by climate change and the seal's adaptation to climate change is hindered by its small population size and additional human-induced mortality.

In the long term, the most efficient way to help this critically endangered seal is to ensure a rapid growth of the population. Conservation efforts should be focused on the most acute factors affecting the seal's survival, such as minimizing bycatch mortality and disturbance during the breeding season.

The results were originally published in Marine Mammal Science and Annales Zoologici Fennici. The doctoral dissertation of Miina Auttila, entitled The endangered Saimaa ringed seal in a changing climate- challenges for conservation and monitoring, is available for download here