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About 5.33 million years ago, Atlantic water reconnected with a severely depleted Mediterranean. One influential model estimates that as much as 90% of the basin refilled within several months to two years, briefly reaching flows near 100 million cubic metres per second and producing a roughly 390-kilometre erosional channel—but whether the Mediterranean was nearly dry and whether the final refilling was truly catastrophic remain disputed.

Japan’s Narita Airport opened in 1978 with one runway instead of the three in its master plan after fierce resistance from local farmers. Nearly 50 years later, farmer Takao Shito still grows vegetables on land enclosed by the airport, forcing a taxiway to curve around his fields. The second runway initially opened 320 metres short of its planned length—though it was finally extended in 2009—as jets continued taxiing past the farm.

Developers planned a city of 30,000 people in the hills directly across the Golden Gate from San Francisco, with 50 apartment towers, hundreds of homes, a shopping mall and a luxury hotel — the project collapsed in court, and its planned main boulevard is now a hiking trail through the Marin Headlands

Beneath Mount Wingen in New South Wales, a coal seam has smouldered for an estimated 5,500 to 6,000 years, advancing south at roughly a metre a year. Its first documented European observers in 1828 mistook the smoking ground for volcanic activity; today a walking track leads visitors to the site of the world’s oldest known continuously burning coal-seam fire.
